Pigs convert feed efficiently and produce large litters, which is why they became a global source of meat. Swine operations range from small family farms with a few animals to large confinement buildings housing thousands.

Breeds vary in growth rate, carcass quality, and mothering ability. Farmers cross breeds to combine desirable traits. Feed is the biggest cost, and rations are carefully balanced for protein, energy, and minerals.

Common production stages

• Farrowing, birth and nursing
• Nursery, weaning and early growth
• Growing and finishing to market weight
• Breeding herd maintenance

Health management is critical in confined systems. Disease spreads quickly when animals are crowded, so biosecurity, vaccination, and ventilation are tightly controlled. Outdoor systems reduce some risks but expose pigs to weather and predators.