Stress is the process by which we perceive and respond to events that we appraise as threatening or challenging. It involves both a physiological response, such as activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the release of cortisol, and a psychological response, such as worry or feeling overwhelmed.

Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome describes three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Stress can be acute, such as before an exam, or chronic, such as ongoing financial or work pressure. Chronic stress is linked to cardiovascular disease, weakened immunity, anxiety, and depression. Coping strategies include problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, social support, exercise, and relaxation techniques.

Key points

• Perception and response to threat or challenge
• General adaptation syndrome: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
• Acute vs. chronic stress
• Coping strategies buffer effects