Tillage turns soil over, breaks clods, and prepares a seedbed. It has been the foundation of crop production for thousands of years, but its costs have become clearer as research accumulated. Erosion, organic matter loss, and compaction all trace back to how often and how deeply farmers work the ground.

Different systems balance these trade-offs. Conventional tillage uses ploughs and discs for a clean seedbed. Reduced tillage limits passes. No-till drills seed directly into undisturbed soil, leaving crop residue on the surface.

Common tillage goals

• Preparing a seedbed for planting
• Incorporating residue or amendments
• Controlling weeds without chemicals
• Breaking compaction layers

No-till conserves moisture and builds organic matter but relies more on herbicides and careful residue management. Plough-based systems control weeds well but leave soil exposed to rain and wind.