Rule by the people, exercised through free and fair elections of representatives, defines modern democracy. Citizens choose their governors, can replace them at regular intervals, and enjoy basic rights that make political competition meaningful.

Essential elements include universal adult suffrage, alternative sources of information, freedom of association, and the rule of law. Democracies differ in institutional design—presidential or parliamentary, majoritarian or proportional—yet they share the principle that legitimate authority flows from popular consent.

Democracy does not guarantee wise policy or social equality. It does provide mechanisms for correcting failures and for protecting minorities through constitutional limits. Backsliding occurs when elected leaders undermine the independent institutions that sustain competition. Continuous civic engagement and institutional vigilance are required to maintain democratic practices.

The right to vote against incumbents remains democracy’s most distinctive feature.