A goal is blocked and the person must find a way around the obstacle. Problem solving is the cognitive process of moving from a given state to a desired goal state when the path is not immediately obvious.

It involves representing the problem, searching a space of possible actions, and evaluating progress. Algorithms guarantee a solution but may be inefficient; heuristics offer speed at the cost of certainty. Insight problems require restructuring; well-defined problems allow systematic search. Expertise shrinks the search space by recognizing patterns and applying domain-specific strategies.

Obstacles include functional fixedness, mental set, and inadequate problem representation. Teaching problem-solving skills emphasizes understanding the problem, planning, monitoring, and flexible strategy use. Problem solving is a central expression of intelligence in everyday and professional life.

The quality of the representation often determines whether a solution is found.