A direct vote in which the entire electorate is invited to accept or reject a particular proposal is a referendum. Unlike a general election for candidates, a referendum decides a specific question of policy or constitutional change.

Referendums may be required by a constitution for certain amendments, or they may be initiated by governments or, in some systems, by citizen petition. Campaigns on each side attempt to frame the choice and mobilize supporters. Turnout, question wording, and the perceived binding nature of the result all affect legitimacy.

Supporters argue that referendums enhance democratic control on fundamental issues. Critics warn that complex questions are poorly suited to binary votes and that well-funded campaigns can mislead. Outcomes sometimes settle debates for a generation; at other times they intensify polarization. Several democracies make regular use of referendums; others use them sparingly.

A single referendum can redirect a country’s constitutional or international course.