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💊 抗生素

杀菌剂是一种能杀死或抑制细菌生长的物质。

抗生素

1928年,亚历山大·弗莱明度假归来,发现一盘葡萄球菌培养皿上长出了霉菌。霉菌周围的细菌已经死亡。他发现了青霉素。抗生素时代由此开启,医学也随之发生了革命性的变化。曾经夺走数百万人性命的感染变得可以治愈。由于医生能够控制感染,手术、化疗和器官移植才成为可能。

抗生素的作用机制多种多样。有些抗生素,例如青霉素,能够破坏细菌细胞壁。另一些则能阻断蛋白质合成、DNA复制或叶酸代谢。它们具有选择性,靶向人体细胞所不具备的结构。这就是为什么它们能够杀死细菌而不会杀死人体。抗生素对病毒无效,因此对感冒和流感也无济于事。

问题在于耐药性。细菌会进化。每次使用抗生素,都会筛选出能够耐受抗生素的存活菌株。这些存活菌株会不断繁殖,最终导致药物失效。医药和农业领域的过度使用加速了这一进程。现在,有些感染已经对所有可用的抗生素都产生了耐药性。世界卫生组织将抗菌素耐药性列为全球十大健康威胁之一。

新抗生素难以发现,研发也无利可图。大多数大型制药公司已经放弃了这一领域。研发管线十分单薄。世界需要新药、更完善的药物管理以及快速诊断技术来指导治疗。

Comments (6)

  1. Dr. Susan R.
    Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest public health threats we face. Overuse in agriculture and medicine has accelerated it.
  2. Dr. Paul W.
    Antibiotic resistance is a slow moving crisis. If we don't develop new ones we could return to a world where minor infections kill.
  3. Tom P.
    Important to note antibiotics only work on bacteria not viruses. So many people take them for colds and they do nothing.
  4. Lisa T.
    People demand antibiotics for viral infections and doctors sometimes give in. That's a big part of the resistance problem.
  5. Maria G.
    Penicillin was the first one and it was discovered by accident. Fleming noticed mold killing bacteria on a petri dish.
  6. Ahmed K.
    Penicillin was discovered by accident and changed medicine forever. Sometimes the biggest breakthroughs are unexpected.

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