Above the roots rises the main structural axis of the plant. The stem supports leaves, flowers, and fruit while transporting water, nutrients, and sugars between roots and foliage. It may be soft and green or woody and permanent.

Nodes along the stem are the points where leaves and buds arise. Internodes are the sections between them. Stems can be upright, climbing, trailing, or modified into structures such as rhizomes and tubers. Bark on woody stems protects the living tissue beneath.

Gardeners observe stems for signs of health—sturdy growth, good color, and freedom from lesions or borers. Pruning cuts are made with stem anatomy in mind, just outside a bud or branch junction. Strong stems support better displays of flowers and heavier crops of fruit.

• Main structural support of the plant
• Transports water and nutrients
• Bears leaves, flowers, and fruit
• May be herbaceous or woody