In the forests of Mesoamerica a culture developed sophisticated writing, mathematics, and calendrical systems. The Maya civilization flourished in present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras, with classic urban centers peaking between roughly 250 and 900 CE.

City-states rather than a single empire characterized the political landscape. Monumental architecture, stelae with hieroglyphic inscriptions, and fine ceramics and jade work survive. Agricultural terraces and water management supported dense populations. Intellectual achievements included a positional numerical system and an elaborate calendar linking ritual and solar cycles.

Many southern cities declined in the Terminal Classic period; northern centers continued and encountered the Spanish in the sixteenth century. Decipherment of Maya script has transformed understanding of political history and belief. Descendant Maya communities maintain languages and traditions that connect to this deep past.

• Mesoamerican culture noted for writing and astronomy
• Organized in city-states
• Classic period roughly 250–900 CE
• Left extensive inscriptions and monuments