Empires that once spanned continents contracted rapidly after 1945. Decolonization is the process by which colonies gained political independence from imperial powers, transforming the map of Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean within a few decades.

Nationalist movements, weakened European states, Cold War competition, and changing international norms all contributed. Transfers of power ranged from negotiated transitions to prolonged wars of independence. New states faced the tasks of nation-building, economic development, and defining relationships with former rulers.

Decolonization redrew borders, sometimes arbitrarily, and left unresolved questions of minority rights and economic dependence. Historians examine both the high politics of independence and the social experiences of the transition. The process continues to shape debates about global inequality and historical responsibility.

• Process of colonies gaining independence
• Accelerated after World War II
• Involved negotiation and armed struggle
• Reshaped the international system