Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that the behaviour it follows will occur again. Like reinforcement, it can be positive—adding an unpleasant stimulus, such as a reprimand—or negative—removing a pleasant stimulus, such as taking away privileges.

Punishment differs from negative reinforcement, which also involves an aversive stimulus but works by removing it to increase behaviour. Punishment can suppress behaviour quickly, but it has drawbacks: it does not teach a desired alternative, can create fear and aggression, and its effects may be temporary. It works best when it is immediate, consistent, and paired with clear guidance toward appropriate behaviour.

Key points

• Decreases the behaviour it follows
• Positive punishment adds an aversive stimulus
• Negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus
• Best used with reinforcement of alternatives