Amino acids cannot read the genetic code by themselves. Transfer RNA molecules act as adaptors, each carrying a specific amino acid at one end and recognizing a corresponding codon with its anticodon loop. During translation the tRNA delivers its cargo to the ribosome.

The cloverleaf secondary structure folds into an L-shaped three-dimensional form. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases charge each tRNA with the correct amino acid, providing a critical proofreading step. Once bound to the ribosome, base-pairing between codon and anticodon ensures the amino acid is added in the right order.

Cells contain many different tRNAs to match the degenerate genetic code. Modified bases within tRNA molecules fine-tune stability and recognition. Without these adaptors, the link between nucleotide sequence and protein sequence would be broken.

• Adaptor RNA that carries amino acids
• Recognizes codons via anticodon loop
• Charged by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
• Essential for accurate translation