Holding a new phone number in mind while searching for a pen, or reordering a list of instructions, requires working memory—the cognitive system that temporarily maintains and manipulates information needed for ongoing tasks.

Baddeley’s model includes a central executive that directs attention, a phonological loop for verbal material, a visuospatial sketchpad, and an episodic buffer that integrates information. Capacity is limited, typically to a few chunks, and is closely related to individual differences in fluid intelligence and academic performance.

Working memory supports language comprehension, mental arithmetic, planning, and self-control. It is vulnerable to distraction and dual-task interference. Training programs have produced mixed results; strategy use and reducing unnecessary load often yield clearer benefits. When working memory is overloaded, performance on complex tasks collapses even if long-term knowledge remains intact.

• Temporary storage and manipulation of information
• Limited in capacity and duration
• Supports complex cognitive activities
• Closely linked to attention and fluid intelligence