Inside every viable seed is a dormant embryo waiting for the right conditions. Germination is the process by which that seed absorbs water, breaks dormancy, and begins to grow into a seedling. Moisture, temperature, and oxygen are the main triggers; light requirements vary by species.

The first visible sign is usually the radicle—the embryonic root—emerging from the seed coat. Soon after, the shoot pushes upward. Some seeds germinate in days; others need weeks or a period of cold stratification. Fresh seed generally germinates more reliably than old seed.

Gardeners control germination by sowing at the correct depth, keeping the medium evenly moist, and providing appropriate warmth. A clear cover or propagator maintains humidity until the first true leaves appear. Once seedlings emerge they need light and careful hardening before transplanting outdoors.

• Process of a seed beginning to grow
• Requires moisture, warmth, and oxygen
• First sign is the emerging root
• Varies widely among plant species