A nephrologist treats the kidneys. Not just kidney stones or infections, but the full range of kidney disease: chronic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and the electrolyte imbalances that follow when kidneys fail. They also manage dialysis and transplant care.

The training path is long. Four years of medical school, three years of internal medicine residency, then two to three years of nephrology fellowship. Nephrologists work in hospitals, outpatient clinics, and dialysis centers. They often collaborate with urologists, who perform surgery, and with transplant surgeons.

What a nephrologist does

• Diagnoses and stages chronic kidney disease.
• Manages blood pressure and diabetes to protect kidney function.
• Prescribes and monitors dialysis for patients with kidney failure.
• Evaluates candidates for kidney transplant.
• Treats electrolyte disorders like high potassium or low sodium.

Kidney disease is often silent until it is advanced. By the time symptoms appear, much function may be lost. Nephrologists spend a lot of time on prevention: controlling blood sugar, keeping blood pressure in range, and avoiding medications that harm the kidneys. They also help patients navigate the emotional and logistical challenges of dialysis, which can consume hours of every week. It is a specialty that rewards patience and long-term relationships.