Compulsory disclosure of sources can silence future whistleblowers. A shield law is legislation that protects journalists from being forced to reveal confidential sources or unpublished information in legal proceedings.

Shield laws vary widely in scope. Some cover only published material; others extend to notes and outtakes. Definitions of who qualifies as a journalist differ, raising issues for freelancers and bloggers. Even strong shield laws usually contain exceptions for criminal defendants’ rights or imminent harm.

Where shield laws exist, they encourage sources to come forward and enable reporting on corruption and abuse. Where they are absent or weak, reporters may face jail or fines for protecting promises of confidentiality. The ongoing legislative debate reflects tension between law enforcement needs and the flow of public-interest information.

• Law protecting journalists from forced source disclosure
• Scope and definitions vary by jurisdiction
• Usually includes limited exceptions
• Supports confidential source relationships