When rain fails, farmers pump. A well reaches groundwater stored in aquifers below the surface. Shallow wells may be dug by hand. Deep wells are drilled and fitted with casings and pumps that lift water to the surface.

Well yield depends on the aquifer and the well's construction. A well that taps a productive sand and gravel layer can supply thousands of litres per minute. One drilled into tight clay may produce only a trickle.

Common well components

• Casing to keep the hole open
• Screen to filter out sand
• Pump and motor
• Pressure tank and controls
• Wellhead and cap

Water quality must be tested. Wells can draw in nitrates, bacteria, or naturally occurring minerals like arsenic. Regular testing protects livestock, crops, and farm families who drink from the same source.