Sometimes only tissue itself can settle a diagnosis. A biopsy is the removal of a sample of cells or tissue for examination under the microscope or by other laboratory methods.

Techniques range from fine-needle aspiration and core-needle biopsy to endoscopic sampling and open surgical excision. The choice depends on the location, suspected disease, and need for architectural detail. Pathologists examine the specimen for cancer, infection, inflammation, or other abnormalities and issue a report that guides treatment.

Biopsies carry small risks of bleeding, infection, or, rarely, seeding of tumor cells. Most are performed under local anesthesia as outpatient procedures. Clear communication of the indication and expected timeline for results helps patients tolerate the uncertainty that surrounds the waiting period.

• Removal of tissue or cells for diagnostic examination
• Performed by needle, endoscope, or open surgery
• Analyzed by pathologists to identify disease
• Guides subsequent treatment decisions