Land and what is permanently attached to it form a distinct category of assets. Real property is land, buildings, and fixtures, together with associated rights such as mineral or air rights as recognized by local law.

Ownership interests range from full fee simple to leaseholds and shared estates. Transfers require formalities such as written deeds and recording to protect priority. Mortgages and other liens commonly encumber real property as security for loans.

Zoning, environmental rules, and eminent domain shape how owners may use real property. Boundary disputes, title defects, and land-use conflicts generate specialized litigation. Because real property is immobile and valuable, the law surrounding it is detailed and highly procedural.

• Land and permanent attachments
• Transferred by deed and protected by recording
• Often used as security for mortgages
• Subject to land-use and public-law limits