🌡️Geothermal Gradient

The rate at which temperature increases with depth in Earth.

♨️Geyser

A hot spring that intermittently erupts water and steam.

❄️Glaciation

The process of covering land with glaciers or ice sheets.

🧊Glacier

A large persistent body of dense ice moving slowly over land.

💧Groundwater

Water located beneath Earth's surface in soil and rock.

🛁Hot Spring

A natural spring of water heated by geothermal activity.

🌋Igneous Rock

Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

🕳️Karst

A landscape formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks.

🌋Lava

Molten rock that has erupted onto Earth's surface.

🧱Lithification

The compaction and cementation of sediment into rock.

🧱Lithosphere

The rigid outer layer of Earth including the crust and upper mantle.

🔥Magma

Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.

🌋Mantle

The thick layer of hot rock between Earth's crust and core.

🦖Mesozoic

The geologic era of dinosaurs, about 252 to 66 million years ago.

💎Metamorphic Rock

Rock changed by heat and pressure without melting.

💎Metamorphism

The alteration of rock by heat, pressure, or chemical activity.

💎Mineral

A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition.

💎Mineralogy

The scientific study of minerals and their properties.

🪨Moraine

A mass of rocks and sediment deposited by a glacier.

⛏️Ore

A naturally occurring solid material from which metals can be extracted.

🦕Paleontology

The study of ancient life through fossils.

🐟Paleozoic

A geologic era spanning from about 541 to 252 million years ago.

🗓️Period

A division of geologic time within an era.

💧Permeability

The ability of a rock to transmit fluids.

🪨Petrology

The scientific study of rocks and their origins.

〰️Plate Boundary

The edge where two tectonic plates meet.

🧩Plate Tectonics

The theory explaining the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates.

🕳️Porosity

The percentage of void space in a rock or sediment.

🦠Precambrian

The earliest and longest span of geologic time before complex life.

📈Relief

The difference in elevation between high and low points in an area.