Hidden from view, roots perform the essential work of anchorage and absorption. The root system holds the plant in place and draws water and dissolved minerals from the soil. Fine root hairs greatly increase the surface area available for uptake.

Roots vary in form. Taproots grow deep and straight; fibrous systems spread wide near the surface. Some plants develop storage roots that hold reserves of starch or water. Healthy roots are usually white or light-colored and firm; dark, mushy roots signal problems with drainage or disease.

Gardeners protect roots by avoiding unnecessary disturbance and by providing well-aerated soil. When transplanting, keep as much of the root ball intact as possible. Mulching moderates soil temperature and moisture around the root zone. Strong roots support strong top growth.

• Anchors the plant and absorbs water and nutrients
• May be taproot or fibrous in form
• Healthy roots appear firm and light-colored
• Benefit from good soil structure and mulch