Inside a protective coat lies a miniature plant waiting for the right conditions. A seed contains an embryo along with a store of food that fuels early growth. Once moisture, temperature, and oxygen meet its requirements, the seed germinates and the embryo resumes development.

Seeds vary enormously in size, shape, and longevity. Some remain viable for only a season; others stay dormant for years. Gardeners store them cool and dry to prolong life. Fresh seed generally germinates more reliably than old stock.

Sowing depth and timing influence success. Fine seeds are barely covered; larger ones are planted deeper. Many gardeners start seeds indoors under lights to gain an early start. Outdoor sowing follows local frost dates and soil temperatures. Each viable seed carries the potential of a full-grown plant.

• Embryonic plant in a protective covering
• Contains food reserves for early growth
• Germinates when conditions are suitable
• Varies widely in size and longevity