Most of the world’s goods cross an ocean at some point. Maritime trade is the exchange of commodities and manufactured products transported by sea between ports and countries.

Bulk trades move energy, ore, and grain; liner trades move containerized manufactured goods; specialized trades carry vehicles, chemicals, and refrigerated products. Freight rates, ship supply, and demand for goods interact continuously. Chokepoints, canals, and seasonal patterns shape routing.

Maritime trade underpins global supply chains. Disruptions—whether from conflict, pandemic, or canal blockage—quickly appear in prices and delivery times. Understanding the structure of maritime trade is essential for anyone involved in shipping, logistics, or international commerce.

• Exchange of goods transported by sea
• Includes bulk, liner, and specialized trades
• Sensitive to rates, capacity, and chokepoints
• Foundation of global supply chains