Grain, ore, and coal move in vast quantities. A bulk carrier is a ship designed to transport unpackaged dry bulk cargo in large cargo holds, loaded and discharged by gravity, grabs, or conveyors.

Holds are box-shaped or have hopper sides to help cargo flow. Hatch covers are large and strong to keep the sea out. Many bulk carriers are single-deck vessels with machinery aft. Size ranges from small coastal carriers to very large ore carriers that trade only on specific deep-water routes.

Stability and structural stress change dramatically as holds are filled or emptied. Improper loading has caused serious casualties. Crews and terminal operators follow loading manuals and stress monitors to keep the ship within safe limits throughout the operation.

• Ship built for unpackaged dry bulk cargo
• Features large holds and wide hatches
• Loaded and discharged by specialized terminal equipment
• Requires careful attention to stress and stability