Literacy is the ability to read and write. It sounds basic. It is anything but. Reading involves decoding symbols, building vocabulary, and understanding meaning. Writing requires organizing thoughts and choosing words that communicate. Both take years to develop and continue improving throughout life.

Literacy rates have risen dramatically over the past century. Most countries now report high basic literacy. But basic is not enough. Functional literacy means being able to read a lease, fill out a job application, or understand a medical instruction. Many adults struggle with these tasks despite finishing school.

Literacy is also social. It includes digital literacy, media literacy, and the ability to evaluate sources. A person who can read but cannot tell reliable information from misinformation is only partly literate. Schools are still figuring out how to teach these skills.

Related literacies

• Functional literacy
• Digital literacy
• Media literacy
• Financial literacy
• Health literacy