A motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical rotation. It spins a shaft. That rotation drives fans, pumps, conveyor belts, car wheels, and robot joints. Motors are everywhere. Your phone vibrates because of a tiny motor. Your washing machine agitates because of a bigger one.

Electric motors work on electromagnetism. Current flows through a coil, creating a magnetic field. That field pushes against permanent magnets, causing rotation. Brushed motors use physical contacts to switch current. Brushless motors use electronic controllers. Brushless are more efficient and last longer.

Types of motors

• DC: simple, used in toys and small devices
• AC: used in appliances and industry
• Stepper: precise positioning, used in printers
• Servo: feedback-controlled, used in robotics
• Brushless: efficient, used in drones and EVs

Motors consume a large share of global electricity. Improving their efficiency reduces emissions. Variable frequency drives adjust motor speed to match demand. The humble motor is a key player in the energy transition.