Fleeting speech becomes data when written down. Transcription is the representation of spoken language in written form, ranging from ordinary orthography to detailed phonetic notation.

Narrow phonetic transcription captures fine detail; broad transcription focuses on phonemic contrasts. Conversation analysts add symbols for overlap, silence, and intonation. Choices about detail depend on research purpose and readability.

Accurate transcription underpins corpora, fieldwork, and clinical assessment. Training develops the ear and familiarity with symbol systems such as the IPA. Automated recognition increasingly assists but still needs human correction for high-stakes work.

• Written representation of speech
• Ranges from orthographic to fine phonetic detail
• Includes specialized interactional notations
• Essential for research and clinical documentation