Steep slopes rise high above the surrounding land. A mountain is a large natural elevation of Earth’s surface with limited summit area and significant local relief. Mountains form through tectonic uplift, volcanic activity, or erosion of surrounding softer rock.

They create barriers to movement, influence climate by forcing air upward, and store water as snow and ice. Distinct vegetation zones appear with elevation. Mountains have long held cultural and religious significance and remain magnets for recreation and tourism.

Many of the world’s mountain ranges are still rising as plates continue to converge. Earthquakes and landslides are common hazards. The high ground also preserves unique biodiversity and provides headwaters for major river systems that sustain lowland populations.

• Large elevated landform with steep slopes
• Formed by tectonics, volcanism, or erosion
• Influences climate and water resources
• Supports distinct ecological zones