Bone yields when force exceeds its strength. A fracture is a break or crack in a bone, ranging from a hairline fissure to complete separation of fragments with soft-tissue injury.

Fractures are described by location, pattern, displacement, and whether they communicate with the outside (open) or not (closed). Diagnosis relies on clinical findings and imaging, usually plain radiographs and sometimes CT. Treatment restores alignment and stability through casting, bracing, or surgical fixation so that healing can occur.

Healing time varies with age, bone involved, and patient health. Complications include non-union, malunion, infection, and joint stiffness. Early mobilization under guidance protects function while the bone recovers. Pathological fractures through weakened bone require investigation of the underlying disease.

• Break or crack in a bone
• Classified by pattern, location, and soft-tissue involvement
• Treated by immobilization or surgical fixation
• Healing depends on alignment, stability, and biology