New plants do not always begin from seed. Propagation is the process of producing additional plants from existing ones through seeds, cuttings, division, layering, or grafting. The method chosen depends on the species and the desired result—genetic copies or new genetic combinations.

Seed propagation creates variation and is straightforward for many annuals and vegetables. Vegetative methods such as stem cuttings or division produce plants identical to the parent. Softwood cuttings root quickly in spring; hardwood cuttings suit winter work with shrubs. Division works well for clump-forming perennials.

Success depends on cleanliness, appropriate moisture, and suitable temperature. Rooting hormone can improve results with difficult species. Once new roots or shoots form, the young plants are gradually hardened and potted on. Propagation multiplies favorites and preserves varieties that do not come true from seed.

• Growing new plants from seeds or plant parts
• Includes cuttings, division, and grafting
• Produces either clones or genetic variation
• Requires clean conditions and proper aftercare