Energy security means having reliable access to affordable energy. A country with secure energy can keep the lights on, fuel its factories, and heat its homes without disruption. A country without it is vulnerable to price spikes, embargoes, and blackouts.

Security has several dimensions. Supply diversity matters. A nation that relies on one supplier or one fuel type is exposed. Infrastructure matters too. Pipelines, ports, and grids must be maintained and protected. Reserves of oil and gas provide a buffer during crises. So do strategic stockpiles.

The energy transition is reshaping the picture. Renewables reduce dependence on imported fuels, but they introduce new challenges. Solar and wind are variable. Critical minerals for batteries and panels come from a handful of countries. Cyberattacks target grid controls. Energy security is no longer just about oil tankers. It is about supply chains, minerals, and software.

Key dimensions

• Supply diversity
• Infrastructure resilience
• Strategic reserves
• Price stability
• Cybersecurity