Roots need air as well as water. Drainage is the movement of excess water out of the soil so that air spaces remain. Poor drainage leads to waterlogged conditions that suffocate roots and invite fungal diseases. Good drainage is one of the most important factors in healthy plant growth.

Soil structure determines natural drainage. Sandy soils drain quickly; clay soils hold water longer. Amending heavy soil with organic matter or grit improves porosity. In extreme cases, raised beds or subsurface drains solve persistent problems. Containers must have holes in the base and a free-draining potting mix.

Observe the ground after heavy rain. Puddles that linger for more than a few hours signal trouble. Correcting drainage before planting saves plants and reduces the need for later interventions.

• Removes excess water from soil
• Prevents root rot and disease
• Improved by organic matter and grit
• Essential for both ground and container plants